Greetings

Greetings all readers,
Please do take the time to read this entry post as it provides instructions for you to navigate within this blog.

At the end of this page, please click on the "Older Posts" found just right at the end in order to view
- Point G) What is Thailand known for
- Point I) The Disneyization of Thai Society
- Point J) Changes brought about by the growth in tourism
- Point K) If tourism has caused the commodification of cultures and traditions

Thank you and do enjoy reading this blog!

Introduction of Thailand - Sawatdee Kha!

To many, Thailand is often viewed as the representative of the East as mysterious and exotic.  However, you might not know that they are often called “The Land of the Smiles”, as they are remarkably known to be open and friendly. It is the only South East Asia nation never colonized by an European power, as well as the first country in Asia to establish diplomatic relations with the United States. Besides the ancient temples and palaces, Thailand is also a major tourist destination, particularly for their beach resorts.

Thailand was known as Siam until 1939, changing to “Prathet Thai” which mean “Land of The Free”. However, after World War 2, it reverted back to Siam again but became known as Thailand in 1949.

It lies in the heart of Southeast Asia, bordering to the West and Northwest by Myanmar, northeast by Laos, east by Cambodia, south by Malaysia, and extending like an elephant’s trunk south between the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman sea. Thailand, with a total area of 513,000km² roughly the size of France and shaped like a tall tree leaning to the right.

There are four primary regions in the country; the North, Central Plains, Northeast and South. 75% of the population are Thais, 14% are Chineses, while Malay, Indians, Mon, Khmer and the indigenous hill tribes consist of 11%. 

Culture of Thailand

The culture of Thailand can be categorized into two types. They are mainly the intangibles such as the values and attitudes, as well as tangible items like buildings and artefacts.

The Emerald Buddha

Thailand’s architecture has been shaped by a blend of diverse cultures, leading to a fusion of Western, Chinese, Cambodian, Burmese designs. Much of the rich architectural heritage is found in temples and palaces. Also, the four main Eras in the history of Thailand, namely the Srivijaya, Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin period depicts architectures differently, through the use of buildings’ materials and structure. Architectures in each period are influenced greatly by the different kinds of cultures. Kings earned displayed power of their kingdoms by building temples as it is regarded as one of the important buildings in the land, leading to permanent materials used in the construction only.

One of the famous palaces in Thailand would be The Grand Palace. It is a must see attraction that no visit to Bangkok would be complete without it. It is located on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River and it was built around Thailand’s most important temple, Wat Phra Kaew, where The Emerald Buddha is placed. It is a complex of buildings constructed in 1785 by King Rama I to announce the beginning of the Chakri Dynasty. It served as the official residence for the kings of Thailand until 1932 when monarchy comes to an end. The Pra Thinang Dusit Maha Prasat (throne hall) has a Greek-styled floor plan, while the most noticeable Western influences are found in the Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat (Great Hall) as it was designed by a British architect. Since it looks Western in appearance, a Thai-styled roof was given to appease conservative voices of the people. However, there is one truly “Thai” building located in there, which is the Sanam Chan Pavilion where the Kings used to relax at.

Ban Chiang prehistoric pottery

Ban Chiang Archaeological Site is one of the oldest archaeological sites in the world, dating back to the Bronze Age. It was granted the title of a heritage site in 1992 by UNESCO. It was discovered by an American college student, who fell in the road of the Ban Chiang and thus, found ceramics eroding out of the road bed. Excavations were conducted in 1967, revealing evidence of prehistoric occupation as early as 3600 B.C. It provides us a glimpse of the peaceful village life of a bygone age, making it the most important sites in Southeast Asia.
Now, let us look at the intangible forms of culture, the attitudes and values of the Thai, which are mostly shaped by their strong Buddhism faith.

Firstly, Thai people will always know where they stand in the society. They will accept their position in life unquestioningly, with their Buddhism belief as the contributing factor. If they have a low status in life, it must be because of misdeeds committed in previous life, and vice versa if they lead a virtuous life. This belief was built on the moral law of Karma in Buddhism.

Secondly, positions in the civil service are relatively preferred though the pay is low as it gives one prestige and status. Office ladies will keep long fingernails to prove that they don’t perform menial tasks. Thai women will shield themselves from the sun because pale complexion depicts a high status. It is considered shameful if the Thais do something others view as dishonourable. Thailand was one of the biggest markets for Mercedes Benz cars in 1990s because status is shown by the clothes they wear and the cars they drive. This clearly explains the importance of status and face in a Thai’s eyes.

Thirdly, Thais regard people of different nationalities as equals since they had never been colonized before. Since young, they were instilled with the fact that Thailand is “Buddha’s own country”. They make it a point to be clean and well dressed because a smart appearance reflects self-confidence. Do not criticise anything about their monarchy and religion as it is considered disrespectful.

Since Thailand is a close-knitted society, it is important to maintain social harmony. They believe one should live harmoniously with one’s neighbours and follow the Buddhist middle path that urges followers to avoid extremes. There is also a history on how positive social harmony comes about. In the past, rural communities often cooperate with one another to survive. They work together in the rice fields; reap their sow together and meet up for traditional celebrations. This explains why Thais will always keep their cool, avoid arguments and strengthen links by doing people favours.

Lastly, the top of the head is the most important part of one’s body because they believe this is where the spirit (kwan) resides. Apologies must be said if you accidentally touch a Thai’s head. However, patting a child’s head is acceptable. Thai kings used to sit on a high throne so that their subjects’ heads were below the level of royal feet. If the head is the most important part of a body, then the feet of one would be the least important. Do not point anything with your foot, or even leaving it on a table. This is regarded as height of rudeness. The only exception made is Thai boxing where one’s feet are allowed to touch the opponent’s head.

Traditions of Thailand

Even Ronald McDonald greets with a wai in Thailand!

Status, class, seniority and all reflected in the traditional Wai gesture. It acts as a greeting, farewell, prayer or apology. To many, it is Thais’ way of saying “hello”. Children are brought up to respect the elders and it is customary for a younger person to bow to a senior. Thus, the lower rank person has to initiate the wai first. Press your palms together, with fingers pointing upward as though in prayer and then incline your head forward in salutation. The greater the difference in rank, the lower the head is inclined and the higher the wai should be. Seniors can acknowledge such gesture with a smile or return the wai, but without lowering the head. Apart from greeting each other with the Wai gesture, Thais address elders by adding a “Pi” before their names and a “Nong” for children.

There is no Thai official costumes although there are unofficial “national costumes” based on traditional styles depending whether it is a formal and informal occasions. For women, this is a full-length dress called the paisin. Made of Thai silk, it is worn like a sarong with a long sleeved silk blouse. Coloured silk sash will be worn from left shoulder to right side of waist for formal occasions. For men, a white short long sleeved cotton or silk jacket with a very high neck and no collar, called a sua phra ratchathan is worn. Coloured silk cummerbund is added on formal occasions. Since appearance reflects one’s status, Thais do not wear tattered or revealing clothes. Generally, men wear long trousers and button shits and women  with blouses or pants and sarongs.

Traditions are changing, in the context of genders in Thailand. Arranged marriages are no longer a common sight and men are increasingly involved in household responsibilities. Women used to ignore or tolerate adultery, but now, they have the capability to confront their spouse personally and legally. There is also a rapid decrease of wives begging the forgiveness of their husbands in New Year’s ceremony, which used to be an ancient practice. Experts think that the key to such gender dynamics change is polygamy. In the early 1920s when King Vajiravudh introduced reforms, polygamy came to be seen as a symbol of the country’s backwardness and violation of Buddhist precepts. Even though having multiple wives is still practice among the rich and influential Thais, it is no longer socially acceptable as how it used to be.

Buddhism really does have a huge impact on the Thais’ lives. About 50% of young Thai males undertake vows of a minimum of 3 years monkhood before the age of 18. This is also a tradition of Buddhist families. This can bring merit to the whole family as they learn about Buddhist history and philosophy. Some of the Thai kings had also become monks for short periods of time. Thais like to perform good deeds so as to gain merits, and this can be in monetary or non-monetary forms. They will present food, money and gifts to the monks, buy a caged bird and set it free afterwards, or even build a temple if their financial ability allows so. However, women are not allowed to have any physical contact, verbal communication or even offer gifts to a monk, thus having to make ways when they cross each other’s paths.

When you visit a Buddhist temple, do exercise due respect such as observing their dress code. Men who wear shorts with T-shirt and women wearing sleeveless tops or shorts will be denied entry. It is also mandatory for one to take off their footwear before entering a temple or house. Buddha images are sacred and are to be treated with respect. Hence, avoid taking photos while standing in front of the statues as it is deem as sacrilege.  

Ratchaphruek is Thailand’s national flower and is yellow in colour because it represents the colour of Buddhism and Thai royalty. It blooms annually from February to May. Roots, bark and leaves of the trees are all used in herbal medicines. In addition, elephant is also considered as Thailand’s national animal. It is a symbol of peace, wisdom, strength and longevity. The white elephant is a sacred animal and is often seen as a royal symbol in court celebrations and ceremonies. Their death is regarded as an omen of tragedy. It is widely represented in sculptures and paintings throughout Thailand. It was also featured on the Siamese national flag until 1917.

Thai traditional massage is known to ease body aches, mental stress and is a holistic approach to attain inner tranquillity. The key to attaining such results is by focusing on the energy that flows along designated channels (sen) in the body. Through the use of reflexology and stretching, blockages are reduced and imbalances in the sen are restored. In order to ensure traditional massage skills are being passed on to the younger generation, Wat Po Thai Traditional Medical School in Bangkok offers such courses.

Even though Thailand adopted the sophisticated Western medical care system, it still practices traditional Thai healing, particularly in the rural areas. In the past, Thai traditional practitioners of different regions do not communicate much, leading to unique healing techniques, names and categories of medicine being developed over the years. For instance, Turmeric is a primary ingredient in Thai healing. It is also used for cosmetics and treatment for stomach ailments. In addition, the lemongrass, known to contain aromatic stress relieving properties serves as a medical herb to solve headaches.

Indigenous Groups

One part of Thailand’s population consists of the smaller ethnic groups, also commonly named as hill tribes or indigenous groups. It was estimated that these indigenous groups has a population of 750,000 people. There are currently 7 main indigenous groups, namely the Karen (Yang), Hmong (Meo), Yao (Mien), Akha, Lahu (Musur), Lisu, and Lawa. However, not all are native to Thailand, as some moved over to this land from other countries as a form of shelter when there were wars in the past.

The original tribes of these groups are animists, which mean that all things even in the lifeless forms have souls or spirits. Yet, Globalization has lead to an exposure of different cultures and religion to them, with some converting to Christianity or Buddhism. These indigenous groups have their own unique culture and customs that is totally different from the Thais in the city. I will be covering on 3 of the most prominent hill tribes.


1) Karen (Yang)

Karen Hill Tribe

Karen people were originally from Myanmar but wars have resulted in them seeking refuge in Thailand in the 18^th century. They are the largest tribal group in Thailand, with a population of 350,000. It is sub divided into four main groups, Black Karen, Padung, White Karen and Red Karen. They are renowned for their weaving skills and striking traditional dresses. Also, Karen women believe a woman’s beauty is defined by how elaborated and detailed the designs of her clothes are Unmarried women are seen wearing simple thick woven v-necked white blouses with vertical stripes while married women’s tops are decorated with beads. Karen men wear black shirts with red cummerbunds and head scarves. They are self sufficient in terms of growing their own cotton, spinning it into threads and dye it. Padung Karen is well-known for their giraffe-necked women. As young as two years old, they will start to wear heavy copper neck rings, hence elongating the neck. There are many myths as to why such custom is practiced. One of them is that they believed it will make women look unattractive to their enemies so they would not be taken away as slaves or wives. However, by doing so, it will actually harm the growth and structure of their spine as such copper neck rings will push their collar bones several centimetres down.


2) Akha

The poorest of the hill tribes, Akha originated in the Tibetan highlands or Yunnan, China, before migrating to Burma then to Northern Thailand. There are an estimated number of 20,000 Akha people living in this country. Even though they are dressed in black, they still look distinctive because of their unique headwear which consists of aluminium balls, silver coins, white beads topped off with coloured strands of silk. Women wear black leggings in various horizontal bands of colours with a black skirt. A coloured pouch will be seen tied around their waist. Akha men wear basic black pants and shirts. Like Karen, they are also self sufficient and good in embroidery skills. Akha tribes like to build villages on mountain ridges which is very high altitude because it guarantees fresh water and good farmland.

Akha's best styled hat

Akha village

3) Hmong (Meo)

Most of the Hmongs live in China, their homeland. However, some have migrated to the United States, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar. Only 130,000 Hmong people still live in Thailand. They are classified into two divisions. The Blue Hmong wear pleated batik-patterned skirts, black satin jackets with red and orange embroidered cuffs. White Hmong women wear indigo-dyed trousers with jackets that have blue cuffs. The White Hmong men wear a black decorated and embroidered jacket with Chinese style three-quarter length trousers. Hmong women wear their handmade silver jewellery to indicate wealth in the tribal group. Hmong designs often incorporate batik and embroidery, causing their clothes to be regarded among the more intricate of the hill-tribe costumes. Traditional Hmong beliefs are strongly animistic, and most of them have resisted conversion to other religions. Hmong tribe has an interesting piece of jewellery called the “soul lock” that claims to keep the soul in the body. 

Soul Lock

Their Languages

The official language in Thailand is Thai, with it being the most commonly spoken language by one regardless of their ethnic. Ramkhamhaeng the Great, the third ruler of Sukothai Kingdom, (c. 1239-1298) invented the Thai alphabet in the late 13^th century developed by Sanskrit, comprising of 44 consonants, 32 vowels and 5 tones in Thai pronunciation. Other languages spoken in Thailand are Chinese, Lao, Malay and Mon-Khmer.

Thai language is tonal, referring that words of the same sound are differentiated in meaning by various tones. The Standard Thai has five tones: level, low, falling, high and rising. Thai uses both male and female forms, based on the gender of the speaker. This is shown by the syllable Khrap used for men and Kha for women at the end of sentences. Thai society is very hierarchical. Informal Thai is used with friends of the same age and social rank, formal Thai for elders and people of respect, as well as “Royal” Thai used to address members of the Royal family. Ramkhamhaeng the Great, the third ruler of Sukothai Kingdom, (c. 1239-1298) invented the Thai alphabet in the late 13^th century developed by Sanskrit, comprising of 44 consonants, 32 vowels and 5 tones in Thai pronunciation. Other languages spoken in Thailand are Chinese, Lao, Malay and Mon-Khmer.

Khun is a polite generic form of address employed for new acquaintances and is applicable for both genders. For instance, a Thai meeting a friend named Jane can call her Khun Jane. High-ranking government officials addressed as Than and Ajarn for teach.

English also has become the second language of the country. Such boost is because of the arrival of large numbers of Westerners of the American military. With Thailand as a popular tourist destination and a regional centre for commerce and international organizations, there is also a growth of the number of foreign residents and tourists. English is mandatory in public schools and is now widely spoken and understood. This can be shown by English road signs displayed in many locations of the city. 

Mode of Education

Education policies and laws had always been revised and modified to be responsive to the ever-changing socio-economies conditions. Education is mainly provided by the Thai Government through the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Thailand. There is a free basic education of 12 years guaranteed by the constitution with a minimum of 9 years’ school attendance. Non-formal education is also supported by the state. Also, independent schools are increasingly contributing significantly to the general education infrastructure.

The school year in Thailand is divided into two semesters. Primary and secondary runs from Mid May to March while June to March for higher education.

Pre-primary Education is commonly known as Kindergarten in many countries which learning experience is organized for the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development of children through everyday activities. It is organized by various agencies and classified into 3 types: child development centre, kindergarten and pre-school class.

Primary school education comprises of a duration of 6 years (Grade 1-6) and is for children aged 6 and above. Public primary schools are organized by the MOE through the Office of the National Primary Education Commission (ONPEC) for 80% of children with eligible age. Other MOE departments provide special forms of educational service such as setting up welfare schools for children with special needs. Bureau of Local Education Administration organize primary schools in the remote rural areas.

The primary school curriculum does not just single out subjects into fragmented courses, but also grouped into 5 learning experiences.


1) Basic Skills: Thai language and Mathematics
2) Life Experiences: Dealing with the process of solving social and daily life problems with an emphasis on scientific process skills for better living
3) Character Development: Deal with activities that devlop desirable habits, values, attitudes and behaviour that result in a desirable character
4) Work-Orientated Experience: Handle general practical work experiences and basic knowledge for career preparation
5) Special Experience: Participate in activities based on learner’s interests

For the last point, it is only offered to students in grade 5-6 only. It is organised based on one’s needs and interests, and might include knowledge and skills selected from other four groups such as English for everyday life as well.

Secondary School education also lasts duration of 6 years, with 3 years for Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary respectively. For the Lower Secondary Education, you must graduate from the Grade 6 in Primary school to be promoted to this level. Primary schools under the ONPEC have also provided lower secondary classes in accordance with the government policy concerning the expansion of educational opportunities at lower secondary education levels. In addition, there are also some other welfare schools that offer lower secondary education for the handicapped and disadvantaged. To be promoted to Upper Secondary, you must first pass the Lower Secondary. Welfare, science and sports schools are all organized to cater to different groups of students. The first science high school in Thailand emphasizes on Science and Maths at upper secondary level while sports school provides specialized training in certain sports.

The structure of lower and upper secondary school curricular includes 4 main components.


1) Core Subject: Basic subjects that correspond to life and society and is compulsory
2) Prescribed Elective Subject: Basic subject that depends on the local conditions and needs. Local authorities can prepare the subjects to be offered.
3) Free Elective Subject: Open for learners to choose according to their interests, needs and aptitude.

Students are required to attend 6 years of primary school and first 3 years of high school. Those who graduate from the 6^th year of high school are candidates for two decisive tests: O-NET (Ordinary National Educational Test) and A-NET (Advanced National Educational Test).

Higher education under MOE is provided at diploma and undergraduate levels by Rajabhat Institutes and private vocational colleges, as well as colleges of physical education and dramatic arts. 

Types of Leisure Programmes

Thailand is a festive kingdom, celebrating numerous provincial and national holidays and hosting many regional and global events. Every month of the year has at least one major occasion. Most of the festivals are designed to coincide with full moons, and are celebrated since centuries ago. People from all over Thailand come together to celebrate.  

There are 6 major Buddhist celebrations annually but let us just take a look at one. Wisaakha Buuchaa (Visakha Puja) is held on the full moon of the sixth month, in May or June. It is the most important religious holidays because it represents the birth, death and englightment of Buddha. Prayers, sermons and chants at the wat are accompanied by the circling of the temple three times with candles, lotus flowers and incense (which represents the Triple Gems of Buddhism)

The best known sports in Thailand is muay Thai, or commonly known as Thai boxing. It originated in 15^th century as a means of military mortal combat. The fighters wear baggy, colourful shorts without shirts and fight in a ring similar to those of regular boxing matches. This martial art requires great dexterity and strength. Before the fight, boxers will perform a dance and ceremony to thank their trainers and honour the spirits. Although it is not considered as an Olympic sport, Thais still take comfort it is generally the best in the world. Furthermore, Thailand’s first gold medal was achieved at the Olympics in English style boxing in 1996. It is common to see such martial arts training schools in Thailand that offers Thai boxing courses because it is a national sport. 

Another popular recreational activity in Thailand is Kite flying. Competitions are held throughout the country that take the design and skill of the kites in consideration. It is popular in the hot season, as is kite fighting in which the male kite (Chula) sets out to ensnare the female kite (pukpao)

What is Thailand known for?

After much insight into Thailand’s culture, traditions and activities, I’m certain you would have a rough idea of what the country is known for by then. Thailand is well-known for their rice, strong Buddhism faith, Thai cuisine and water floating market that is unparallel compared to other countries.

Thailand is one of the world’s largest rice producers, producing high quality, long-grain white rice with a substantial price advantage over the lower grades of rice.  The emphasis on grain quality is the reason for Thai farmers’ limited adoption of modern, high-yielding rice varieties. About 25% of rice lands are irrigated, while the rest is still rainfed. Thais are very thankful to have rich farm fields and a good harvest every year. This can be seen in an event named the Royal Ploughing Ceremony (Raek Na)

Originating in ancient India before the birth of Lord Buddha, this event marks the beginning of the planting season at the start of the rainy period, when rice is sown. The date is determined by the royal astrologers but it usually happen in May. It is held in Bangkok at Sanam Luang near the Grand Palace, which involves the blessing of rice grains at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. Rice beds were ploughed to plan the rice. Brahmin priests predict the season’s rainfall and yield based on the length of cloth selected from three options, with a long piece indicating little rain and the shortest piece as an abundant rainfall.  After ploughing, onlookers run into the fields to gather up seeds believed to a token of fortune, and then mix it with their own rice seeds to ensure a good harvest.

 Secondly, since their main religion is Buddhism, their daily life, culture, traditions and belief often incorporated a certain degree of Buddhism elements. Even their architecture has Buddhism meanings. Temples, wats and monks are the few most commonly seen sites and people in Thailand. Based on the twin pillars of the strong Buddhist faith and a deep reverence for its monarchy, Thai culture has helped to unify the people. 

Thirdly, Thai cuisine is famously known for their blend of hot, sour and sweet tastes found in dishes accompanied with their fragrant rice. Garlic, lemongrass and cononut juices are some of the key ingredients used in Thai cooking. Thai cuisine includes red and green curry dishes, fried rice and noodles. Papaya salad is another famous dish that is made by grounding garlic, dried shrimps and chillies to shredded green papaya, with lime juice and fish sauce added to the taste.

Tom chut (clear soup), tom krathi (soup that includes coconut) and ever popular tom yum (mixture of vegetables, meat or seafood in a hot and spicy soup) are one of the few famous soups in Thai cuisine.

The King of fruits for the Thais is durian. There is also a range of other tropical fruits such as mango and jackfruit available all year round. Thai desserts are made from sticky rice or coconut milk and fruits. One popular dessert would be the mango and sticky rice, which is a combination of mango and glutinous rice, with coconut and condensed milk added.

Meals are also made on the boat for sale

What's a true Thai culinary journey without a visit to their market? Thailand is famous for their floating market (talaat naam) that are found along the canals of Chao Phraya River, which is often called the "Venice of the East" by the Europeans. Floating markets are akin to living museums where you immerse in the local culture and way of life. Small canals are filled with flat boats piled with fresh produce, a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables. Visitors usually stop their own boats to bargain. On your way to the markets, there is also a scenic view where you pass by traditional teak houses and watch the locals getting on with their lives.

Disneyization of Society

Disneyization is the process by which Disney theme parks are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. (Bryman, 2004) Disneyization comprises of 4 dimensions. Looking at Thailand, we see a rise in the number of themed environments and settings, hence, clearly illustrating the influences Disneyization have on the society as a whole. I have identified them as Chinatown, Phuket Fantasea Cultural Village, Dream World and Bangkok Planetarium. However, I will only be discussing about the first three places.

Firstly, let’s take a look at the Chinatown situated in Bangkok which is popular tourist destination. The dominating Chinese culture had resulted in most countries having a special corner dedicated to the Chineses. It was originally started off by the Chinese immigrants. Like Disneyland, it is a growing trend to have Chinatowns in a country, as shown by Bangkok, The United States and Japan though they are fairly a distance away from China where majority of the Chineses is found.

• Theming

Chinatown in Bangkok is themed by clothing it with architectures, market stalls and buildings that clearly depicts the history and heritage of the Chinese’s culture. It is seen by Chinese medical stores, temples and stores that sell Chinese food. When one arrives at Chinatown, it will feel as though one had entered a different country even though they are still on the Thailand’s territory.

• Hybrid Consumption

It is getting difficult for people to differentiate the forms of consumption associated with different institutional spheres as they become interlocked with each other. For example, one who book a room in the Chinatown hotels might also at the same time shop at the streets of Chinatown, visit the Chinese temples and even buy Chinese food at the stores there. Since stores, temples and markets are situated just right beside the Chinatown hotels, it is of no reason for the hotels’ residents to not visit these places. The same theory is applicable for visitors whose main purpose is to visit the Chinese temples situated in Chinatown but at the same time, end up patronizing the food stalls, shops and markets.

• Merchandizing

You can find anything ranging from household goods to traditional crafts to antiques with an even cheaper price than in other areas of Bangkok. Therefore, Chinatown in Bangkok is famously known for cheap products. T-shirts that writes “Chinatown, Bangkok” are available for sale and consumers will buy it because they want other people to know where they had travelled to in the holidays once they wear it out onto the streets. It literally acts as a walking advertisement for Chinatown in Bangkok as well. In addition, people who want to taste authentic Chinese cuisine while travelling in Thailand would definitely head down to Chinatown.

•  Performative Labour

Since Chinatown is the home of the majority Chinese community in Bangkok, there will be some Chinese living in that area as well. Most of the employees hired in the shops and hotels will also be of Chinese ethnicity. Thus, it is common if you hear the employees there communicating in Chinese, or even showcasing the Chinese cultures through street performances during the Chinese New Year period. The way the employees do their job is a form of performance to the visitors because it demonstrates the Chinese culture, which is the motivation that has resulted in them visiting Chinatown.

Secondly, Dream World located in Bangkok is an amusement park. It has another term called The Land of Happiness. Amusements Park are frequently seen in countries as form of family entertainment, with the successful Disneyland as the first living model of such. The park has been divided into several zones with specific group of rides, namely the Dream World Plaza, Dream Gardens, Fantasy Land, and Adventure Land.

• Theming

Dream World of Thailand is themed by clothing a sense of fantasy and through the usage of cartoon characters found everywhere, such as the characters from Disneyland and The Universal Studios. Therefore, rides are normally the ones that would come to one’s mind at the mention of Dream World in Thailand rather than the cartoon characters.

• Hybrid Consumption

Indeed, just like any amusements parks, especially Disneyland, the parade of cartoon characters are now increasingly consumed together with the thrill of riding rides. In short, they are confused with the consumption of a theme park and experience and the experience of watching performances there. Dream World Plaza’s entrance is a copy of Disneyland’s Main Street USA where it is filled with fantasy-themed shops and buildings. People need not travel around the world to view the Seven Wonders of the World as replicas are available there. In addition, a Hollywood Action Show that performs how S.W.A.T fights with special effects is added as an item. In the Dream World Amusement Park, you will get to see a hanging shark photo spot (The Universal Studios), a parade with a dragon and Peter Pan’s ship (Disney). People who visit this theme park can also buy finger food to consume while enjoying some of the shows and performances, leading to hybrid consumption. All these also clearly illustrate how Disney had influenced the activities, rides and set-up of this amusement park.

• Merchandizing

There is a souvenir shop located in Dream World, selling a range of souvenirs from key chains to cups to clothes. Dream World does not have copyrighted cartoon characters but its label is strictly copyrighted to them.

• Performative Labour

With people dressing up in cartoon characters’ costumes, thus they are required to act and perform like the characters they are depicting. For instance, people dressed in dancing dolls have to dance and even if any tourists do something that offend them, they still have to continue to pretend as if they are really just dolls and not get upset. Such dimension will actually lead to visitors sinking deeper into the fantasy world since they view their service work as pure performance.

Lastly, let’s take a look at Phuket Fantasea Cultural Village. It is a 140 acre theme park, covering a multitude of activities and is one of the ultimate night time entertainments in Phuket. It was awarded the best attraction Thailand Tourism Award in 2000

•  Theming

Phuket Fantasea is successfully themed by Safari World Public Company Limited by clothing it through the showcasing of architectures, statutes, cuisines and performances that reflects the Thai cultures. It was inspired by the Thai exotic heritage.

• Hybrid Consumption

In Phuket Fantasea, people are generally attracted to visit particularly for the architecture and statues that reflects the Thai culture. Since they are already there, it would definitely be natural for them to watch the available shows and have a meal at the Gloden Kinnaree Buffet Restaurant. Shows are shown in the Las-Vegas style theatrical productions that incorporate Thai culture, magical illusions, 4D effects and elephant circus, so as to mention some. People who attend shows here will be consuming the rich exotic Thai culture through the Thai dances and performances in a Las-Vegas style theatre, making it difficult to differentiate the forms of experiences they consumed. Also, hybrid consumption is seen when one dines at the restaurant and immerse in the themed Thai palace setting all at the same time.

• Merchandizing

There is a cultural village Shopping Street inside Phuket Fantasea. You can buy a whole range of handmade souvenir products such as glass sculptures and paintings. In addition, there is also where you can enjoy all night celebrations, elephant rides and tribal craft demonstrations. Therefore, there is no copyrighted character or label exclusively registered by Phuket Fantasea. Nevertheless, those performances and experiences will be exclusively found in Phuket Fantasea only.

• Performative Labour

Just like any ordinary amusement park, performers are also required to act exactly as the role they are assigned to be. This is done so that frontline service work is viewed as performances to others as this is one of the famous mindset people have of Disney.

The Changes that have been brought about the growth of tourism in Thailand

It is evident that the growth of tourism had generated a huge deal of benefits in monetary terms in Thailand. However, a country can be easily blinded by the economic benefits, and hence, neglecting the impacts it has on the socio-cultural and environmental aspects. We will look into the impacts of tourism in this entry post.

Economic (Positive)

The growth of tourism has helped to boost the economy of Thailand. Thailand is one of the world's major tourist destinations, with attractions that include the natural beauty of rainforests, islands and beaches as well as the cultural heritage and way of life of the Thai people. For instance, Cultural Tourism has brought about a relatively large amount of tourism receipts. In 2009, historic sites had generated 4,315 Bt Million, which is 48% of total attraction sales. With such revenue being generated, it can be used to improve the infrastructure of the country. An efficient transport network and facilities shall create jobs, which in turn benefit the economy back and attract business opportunities.

For example, BTS Skytrain was opened for service in December 5, 1999, transforming the face of public transportation in the Thai capital as it serves Thais and foreigners a efficient and comfortable ride through central Bangkok. A trip between the two busy commercial centers of Silom and Suriwongse would have taken an hour by car. It is fast, convenient, and environmentally friendly. People no longer have to be stuck in the congestion, noise and pollution in the streets just right below the rail tracks. Now, Thai citizens who live in the commercial, residential and tourist areas can easily travel to the central city.

Also, since the indigenous groups do not have a Thai citizenship, they are unable to work in the city. With tourists coming into the country, these indigenous people can earn money through the sale of handmade products, or even home stay. Since they are best known for their weaving skills, they can also make clothes and sell to them.

Economic (Negative)

However, even though tourism had helped to generate tourist receipts, but most of the revenue will be kept by the Government to be used in the country’s development. Those indigenous groups only earn a small amount of money through the sale of handicraft products. Thus, looking at it from short run point of view, this will actually widen the income gap as the rich get richer by a higher margin while the poor becomes poorer. In the long run, though, with the tourists’ dollars being used to improve lives and generate employment of the locals, then this disparity will be solved.

The ultimate goal would be the economic growth as a nation, and help the locals to escape from the poverty cycle as an individual.

Social (Positive)

Tourism can be a force of peace, in which people of different nationalities and cultures visit Thailand and understand more about the Thai culture and traditions. There will be mutual respect and helps to minimize the possible conflicts in future. It will raise awareness of the importance on conservation and sustainability of such culture.

As tourists purchase handicraft products, these indigenous groups will be encouraged to continue to preserve their own culture and skills. It implies the fact that there are people who appreciate their culture, helping to instil a sense of belongingness and pride in the indigenous people. Younger generation will be interested and be taught of the weaving skills, strengthening the community’s ties and ensuring the continuity of these groups. Hence, they might even embrace tourism.

Social (Negative)

The impacts of tourism are that it had exposed the indigenous groups to modernity. Some of the younger generation will be tempted to leave the hill tribes and pursue a life in the city. If all the younger people are like that, it will definitely threaten cultural survival, which might lead to a loss of their unique culture and traditions. In addition, since there is a tourists' contact with the indigenous groups, it might actually generate crimes because they will introduce drugs and alcohol to the indigenous people. It will also cause human trafficking and access to prostitution and sex tourism. In Thailand, more than 40% of the indigenous groups of girls and women who migrated to the cities work in the sex trade. Since their culture and languages are different from the Thais in the city, they are usually being segregated from the mainstream city and discriminated. Thus, they might end up having jobs in the sex sector for survival.

Lastly, prostitution is legal in the country. Culture combined with poverty and the lure of money has caused prostitution and sex tourism to flourish in Thailand. Tourists from all over the world will visit Thailand for sexual activities and hence, increases the cases of HIV/AIDS diseases. With such disease spreading widely in Thailand, it is not surprising to know that other people will be turn off to visit this destination in fear of contracting AIDS.

Environmental (Positive)

Tourism receipts generated from tourism can be used in conservation programmes and activities that ultimately protect and maintain cultural sites. If you look at the map, you will realized Thailand’s last remaining forests and natural biodiversity hot spots are found in the homes of the indigenous groups. This is because this group of people are animists, and believe that forests have a spirit and thus take great caution in having any activities related to trees. They even practices extensive forest categorization by classifying them according to climate, altitude, use. Messages on the importance of the trees are conveyed through songs, sayings or even riddles to others. Hence, it will raise environmental awareness on protecting the trees because this message is conveyed to tourists who come in to view their cultural performances.

Environmental (Negative)

However, the growth of tourism will lead to negative impacts on the environment. With the boost in tourism, more and more tourists are coming in, leading to roads being paved to make way for them. This will cause land degradation, air and water pollution. With tourism, cultural sites are exposed to the public, making it vulnerable to vandalism and misuse. Furthermore, it might even exceed the carrying capacity, causing the destruction of such sites. Tourists who throw their rubbish as and when they like will eventually deteriorate the environment. 

"Is tourism the culprit for commodifying cultures and traditions of Thailand?"

Yes, I have to agree with this statement to a certain extent. Tourism is indeed the culprit in commodifying cultures and traditions. Let’s look at some examples.

Baan Tong Luang was opened to the public in 2005 as a culture preservation project. It is a cultural village where tourists and the indigenous people meet and interact with each other. The indigenous people will demonstrate their weaving and embroidery skills, perform their traditional dances as well as selling handicraft products they made. These members of the hill tribes are being brought into the village. Building such village had lead to a commodification of cultures and traditions because it shows that these indigenous groups are already adapting to the tourists’ demand. The motivation for them to make handicraft, clothes and perform their traditional dances is for the tourists already because it has become a source of income for them.  The tribes would modify their culture in order to cater to the preferences of the tourists.

I would say that it has become like a “staged authenticity”. Tourists are not seeing the real traditional way of life of these indigenous groups of people. They do not get to see the indigenous people harvesting in the farm, washing clothes by the river, and cooking their specialty dishes for their own families. Sooner or later, the rich and unique set of these indigenous’ cultures will be diluted everyday because their culture was not designed to meet the tourists’ needs in the first place. However, for tourists who want an authentic experience, homestays can be made available in the indigenous people’s homes, where one can eat, sleep and live a life similar to them.

Secondly, since the indigenous groups are well-known for their embroidery and weaving skills, there will be a high demand for their clothes. It might cause them to change their nature of production to meet these demands, which means adopting machines as it is generally more efficient. This will lead to a loss of their indigenous identity because weaving skills have already form part of their culture. They also see a potential source of income in selling clothes. Indigenous groups wearing their colourful and beautiful traditional costumes selling their handicraft products and clothes along the streets of the city has become a common sight. Furthermore, these indigenous groups used to be animists, but tourism has exposed them to foreign mindsets and cultures. Today, this form of influence can be clearly seen in some members of the hill tribes converting to Buddhism or Christianity. Tourists who had purchased handicraft made by the indigenous people will bring back to their home country and show it to their friends and relatives. They will hence form a perception that these handicraft products represent the indigenous groups’ cultures when in actual fact, there is more to it. Traditional dances, customs, rituals, beliefs, values and way of life are also some other parts that form the indigenous groups’ culture.

Tourism has lead to an exposure of others’ beliefs and attitudes, and has thus changed the perception of the role of women in the modern society today. Traditionally, women are considered more inferior as compared to men. They have the perception that women should stay at home, take care of the babies and cook meals. However, there are increasingly more men doing such responsibilities too. Some examples are the rise in male chefs and career-minded women holding a high position in a company. Ancient practices such as wives begging the forgiveness of their husbands in New Year’s ceremony are rapidly fading. 

Conclusion

As Thailand is a less developing country, it is apparent that tourism is being relied heavily as an inflow of revenue into the money. Therefore, the Government might be more concerned with the immediate monetary benefits, devoting time to plan the city’s development rather than paying attention to what tourism has done to the environment, social and cultural aspects. Then, this leads to the issue of Sustainability. Environmental, social and cultural impacts must be addressed to in order for tourism to continue booming and benefit the economy. This is because culture and society trends must come together to provide a tourism product. Furthermore, Thailand is a country that is rich in culture and diversity. It would definitely be a pity if their cultures and traditions are eroded as tourism is being embraced. 

References

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